Mid Lachlan Landcare

Beyond Soil Sustainability: Wisdom from Gabe Brown, Col Seis & Walter Jehne

At the beginning of March, I took myself on a scenic 5 hour drive to Quirindi on the Liverpool Plains to participate in a rather fabulous soil science event with Upper Mooki Landcare. One thing you should know about me is I’m one of those annoyingly overly-enthusiastic people who generally wants to give everything a go (ooohhh yes, that sounds very interesting). However, I also have a brain that rapidly swaps impulsive enthusiasm with crippling anxiety. This typically means I spend a good deal of time with my stomach in knots cursing that happy-go-lucky part of myself and dreading the whole thing. But that didn’t happen this time and that’s because Walter Jehne is something of an idol of mine and nothing was going to come between me and his talk – not even my own infernal brain chatter…

The event started off with a truly wonderful welcome by Jason Allen, Chief Executive Officer of The Walhallow Local Aboriginal Land Council, who shared with us the story of ‘Yurrandaali’ creator of the Liverpool plains:

Then came the soil chat which was introduced with a phrase uttered by moderator Stuart Austin, Co-Founder – Audacious Agriculture Advisor, that really resonated with me:

For too long our Farming mindset has been chemical and we need it to be biological

Colin Seis

Col champions Pasture cropping / perennial cover cropping and talked us through how this works in practice and the benefits it brings to our soil. He drove home the message that farms should function as an ecosystem and be self-sustaining and resilient – things that are definitely possible once we’ve repaired our soils. Col is a great advocate for letting nature fix the system and for that to happen in a cropping system, that means avoiding soil disturbance as much as possible. Col stated that modern cropping methods haven’t changed fast enough and we can’t go on degrading our top soil in the way we have been.

His pasture cropping practice is extremely fascinating and I’d definitely recommend anyone who hasn’t looked into it before have a watch of the video here. For those who haven’t the time for that but want a bit more information here are some notes:

  • Col harvests native grass seed alongside crops of Wheat, oats and rye.
  • Zero tilling, using animals.  Never kill perennial species. Weeds managed by creating litter by using quality grazing practices. 
  • Crops are usually grown during the pastures natural Dormant period.  Example: So a warm season C4 grass with a wheat crop. C4 grasses are great for sequestering carbon
  • Improve functional diversity of cropping lands with grasses, Forbes, trees etc. 
  • Direct seed on top of grassland.

Biology doesn’t rest so work with it!

Pasture Cropping Benefits Include:

  • Produce superior quality and quantity stock feed
  • Faster improvements in soil health, structure, carbon and nutrient cycling.
  • Add nitrogen (fix from air) with legumes
  • Weed control
  • Insect control – flowering plants attract beneficial insects.

12 month cycle in a paddock

  1. Grazing of grassland pre-sowing crop
  2. Grazing of crop 
  3. Grain from top
  4. Vegetables
  5. Grazing of grassland after harvest
  6. Native grass seed

Gabe Brown

What a treat to have Gabe in the house all the way from North Dakota in the USA, he’s so entertaining to listen to and has the ability to make every challenging on-farm situation seem very do-able!

Gabe works a lot with animal genetics and is especially interested in epigenetic factors – how an animals environment and diet impact their genes and therefore their health, feed efficiency and meat quality. I really can’t do his talk justice with my summing up so I’d recommend you take a look at his TED talk for a quick-fire summary of what he’s all about.

My favourite take-home piece he talked about was his direct seeding tip to “Pop seed of species you want to grow in bales feeding to cattle and let cattle direct seed by pooping it out”. Maybe everyone is doing that already, I don’t know as I don’t have cattle myself but I thought that sounded just fabulous! A real mooo-ing factory.

Walter Jehn

I really appreciate and admire Walter for his ability for turning complex scientific concepts into bite-sized nuggets of seemingly everyday ‘common sense’ that we can all digest and enjoy! That level of competence is only possible when you really know your stuff.

Walter really caught my attention when I was researching methane emissions from cattle and all the hoo-ha that exists around that. I love the way he explains the relationship between methane, water vapor, the sun and plants -a self-balancing system given half a chance. There were many take-home messages from Walter but when it comes to methane it was generally that if you are in the livestock business and manage your pasture well, the government should be paying you your contribution to cleaning the air given that you’re probably producing way more air-cleaning free radicals than methane emissions. So once again, it’s livestock to the recsue which warms my little heart!

Here’s a video that explains what he was talking about:

Walter also talked extensively about soil carbon and the politics around the carbon market. Again his take-home message for this audience of (mainly) farmers was a simple and empowering one: Carbon will pay dividends in other on-farm and community ways.  More pasture, better crops, stronger animals, better soil etc.

Working on soil health pays off in the quality and quantity of phytonutrients in food.

Farmers will be rewarded by producing food that really is our medicine.

There’s more information on Walter’s thoughts on Carbon here:

I can’t finish this blog post without sharing a picture of what happened over lunch. Maddie (Watershed Landcare) and I were just tucking into our Chicken Salad when along came Walter – he must have known what fan-girls we are!

Marching Forward Together – Landcare Australia, Celebrating International Women’s Day.

Tracee & I were thrilled to be invited to contribute to Landcare Australia’s ‘Women in Landcare‘ stories. This is what we were asked and what I submitted on our behalf.

Question: What does ‘March forward’ mean to Tracee & Amanda as women working in Landcare.

March: a regular, measured tread.

Forward: To make progress

Progressing towards our goals with regular, measured steps. 

The week of writing this marks the end of our first year job-sharing one full-time Landcare Coordinator role.  It also marks 18 months of working together. With that realisation my shoulders relax, I breathe out and break into a smile. It’s been a challenge and we did great!

Marching isn’t the first word that comes to mind when trying to describe our cadence but it will more than do now I’ve given it some thought. 

When observing the day-to-day, I’ll often ebb when Tracee flows, meandering in a day-dream down each and every rabbit hole I can find or sluggishly slumping over the computer as I battle a level of mental constipation that should be illegal in order to get a newsletter sent.  Then there are the days where I’m the one running, bouncing around ideas, breezing through my to-do list with a briskness that has me wondering what came over me. All this while Tracee sits slumped back in her chair, scrolling through the universe in search of the spark that might re-ignite her passion. 

Over this past year Tracee & I have learned how to march forward together by observing nature and noting that everything has its pattern, it’s time to shine, to set seed and to retreat. That there is no discordance in the ebbing and flowing of a healthy box gum woodland, thriving paddock or eclectic garden, only cycles that re-invigorate and support each other as nature progresses towards its goal. 

While it’s fair to say that sometimes we learned these lessons the hard way,  one persons flow catalysing the others ebb and subsequent despair,  but over time the conditioning that shaped those judgemental, self-defeating perspectives has been shed, like a skin that no longer fits, leaving us revitalised and comfortable as we march forward together. 

Follow this link to read more Women’s Day stories.

Birds in the Club – Protecting our threatened bird species

Cowra showed up in force for our ‘Birds in the Club’ event held at Club Cowra on 6th Feb. This evening of edu-tainment, featured four fantastic speakers, each with strong ties to our local area and each fantastically passionate about what they do. It was clear to all of us that Cowra is a hot-bed of talent, enthusiasm and dedication when it comes to birds.

Damon Oliver updated us on the Saving our Superb Parrot initiative, driving home the message that without people like us planting paddock trees and conserving box gum grassy woodland, this iconic and much loved species would really be up against it.

Next Dan Florance talked about the Australian National University’s Sustainable Farms project, focusing on what he’s seen while out surveying properties in our area. He finished up with his top-tips for creating a more bird friendly world.

After a delicious tea break (thanks Club Cowra) Jayden Gunn shared his passion for the Glossy Black Cockatoo with us, updating us on his work with Birdlife Australia and delighting us with his stunning photography.

We finished the talks with Warren Chad (Chaddy) who took us on a meandering bird-focused journey down the Lachlan River (Kalari Billa) from Cowra to the Great Cumbung Swamp, finishing up with a hilarious poem called ‘The Bird Watcher’ (or at least I think that’s what it was called)!

Cowra is well placed to take advantage of the trend in birdwatching tourism thanks to our geographical positioning along a bird migratory pathway, our long-standing Cowra Woodland bird surveying, impressive range of birds on farms participants & work we are doing to protect habitat for threatened bird species

International visitors spent $2.6 billion on travel that involved birdwatching in the year to June 2024, according to data from Tourism Research Australia, while domestic overnight travellers spent $636 million over the same period, up from $414 million in 2021 — a 53 per cent increase, national visitor survey data showed.

ABC new report 15th February

Thanks to everyone who supported this event, helping us raise awareness of the beautiful but threatened bird species in our region.

This event was made possible thanks to funding from Central Tablelands Local Land Services.

Links

Saving our Superb Parrot

ANU’s Sustainable Farms Program

Birdlife Australia

Central Tablelands Local Land Services

Community Plant Purchase 2025

For those of us who missed the ordering cut-off for plants from our local nurseries this year we are going to have a try at a community purchase with Narromine Transplants and see how it works out for us. Then later this year we will remind everyone to get orders in for their Autumn 2026 plantings as needed by our local nurseries.

If you are looking to plant this Autumn and haven’t been able to source trees/shrubs this could be your opportunity. We will look into going out to collect the plants or getting them delivered to a central location around here. You will need to be able to collect the plants when they arrive.

There will be a minimum order of 80 plants with a minimum number of 10 of each species. These plants will come in the Hiko trays of 40 each. These are smaller than the usual tubestock pots and do need to be planted quicker as they will be ready to go in when you receive them. You will be invoiced for the plants once you have received them.

The list of available stock is here. Please send us an email with the species and numbers you want and we will do our best to get your order. Please note the stock available on the attached list is not accurate and is changing each day as new orders come in. Also note that many of these species are not local to this area and if you would like some advice on species selection feel free to call Tracee ph. 0417 799 425.

We will need you to get the list of what you want back to us by next Friday the 7th March in order to have the best chance of getting everything. Prices will depend on how many plants people order and we will only be able to run this if we get a good amount of orders through.

There are other alternatives that might suit listed below

Gum Tree Nursery over near Young have provided a list here of what they have available and their contact details are on the list supplied. Please contact them directly if any of these plants suit your needs.

The Weddin Community Native Nursery in Grenfell still have the following trees available for purchase at this stage. Please contact them directly if any of these plants suit your needs.

  • Eucalyptus camaldulensis (River Red Gum)
  • Eucalyptus leucoxylon (White Ironbark or Yellow Gum)
  • Eucalyptus macrorhyncha (Red Stringybark)
  • Eucalyptus populnea (Bimble Box)
  • Casuarina cunninghamiana (River Sheoak)

You can contact the Weddin Community Nursery on 0456 879 481. Please remember to check their opening hours if you plan to visit them.

Can accountants save the planet? Adventures in Natural Capital Accounting.

Imagine yourself, bruised and exhausted after another day battling whistling winds & sheeting down rain while trudging through boggy paddocks. You’re out at it again, attempting to put right all the fences that have buckled, pinged and tumbled after yet another big storm. But then, over the hills your eyes catch a ray of light as it penetrates through the clouds and in that triangle of calm, radiant hope rises an accountant, donning, not in their usual beige and grey but in a super-suit (that’s a reference from the kid’s movie The Incredibles). Welcome to accountant age, it’s time to get out your tape measures, meters and probes because we’re going to be measuring everything…

I was working as a consultant chemist when I first got introduced to Natural Capital accounting after attending a book launch by author Jane Gleeson-White (6 Capitals: The Revolution Capitalism Has To Have). It was around 2014 and at that time, I was deeply engaged in investigating the Palm Oil supply chain and in particular, the relationship between this key chemical feed-stock crop and the cosmetic industry.

My interest in palm oil sustainability pre-dated my professional involvement and was instead sparked by my deep love of Indonesia – a key palm oil producer – and the life changing experiences I had there when I visited with a scientific research trust in my early 20’s (that’s me in the checked shirt on the right).

During the 2010’s, palm oil was getting a very bad wrap on social media due to land use changes and its alleged impacts on Orang Utan populations. I was being asked by my cosmetic industry clients to take ingredients made of palm out of formulations. At the same time, the data I was getting from the palm oil supply chain showed palm to be the most efficient vegetable oil on the market. The dichotomy both troubled and intrigued me.

I began by trying to validate the efficiency data that I was seeing but the more I dug into the numbers, the more I noticed that the high yields we were relying on to justify this best-case-scenario crop were only as good as the soil they grew in and at that time, optimal soil health was being taken as a given and not factored into the equation. Jane’s book came at the right time for me and suddenly I had language and context in which to frame my concerns.

Fast forward to 2024-2025 and Natural Capital events and resources are everywhere. As a Landcare coordinator I’m motivated to understand this space from a new perspective. Can I understand this space enough to coordinate, facilitate, support and develop meaningful connections and conversations in my own community? How many Natural Capital dollars are there for us as Landcare groups and members and do the values of the Natural Capital market and Landcare even align?

Getting to Grips With Natural Capital.

  1. Understanding the basics.
    • I found the Natural Capital resources from my Local Land Services team very helpful in getting me orientated in this space as it applies to my work. Other than that, workshops such as the Central Tablelands LLS event I attended at Eugowra were very helpful, both in fleshing out this space and in helping me understand how this type of accounting will work in our landscape and for our land stewards.
  2. Engaging with the Market
    • Landcaring folks tend to engage with the Natural Capital market in one of two main ways. First as a producer looking to have their product and/or natural assets valued through this lens or second, through a conservation lens, looking for help protecting and managing the natural asset we already care for. It’s much easier to navigate the open market provider side of the natural capital market once we’re clear on what we want to achieve and have a framework, or ‘to-do’ list to work through.
      • For producers, the CSIRO have a fantastic and very thorough PDF that can be downloaded here. Their ‘practical guide to corporate natural capital accounting, assessment, risk assessment and reporting’ helped me understand how a landscape is valued and how it all fits together in a balance sheet. That, in turn, helped me understand where things such as carbon credits, biodiversity offsets, emissions reduction schemes and water saving initiatives come into play.
      • For those looking to protect high quality parcels of land that can be set aside, the NSW Government committed more than $350 million over 5 years from 2019–20 to fund the Biodiversity Conservation Trust to deliver its private land conservation programs. This investment is guided by the Biodiversity Conservation Investment Strategy 2018.
  3. Values Alignment
    • I’ve noticed both in myself and in others I’ve talked to, a feeling of un-ease (dis-ease maybe) around the idea that nature and whole ecosystems could or should be assigned a dollar value. Should nature be given the full capitalist treatment? I’m still not sure whether Landcare as an organisation is best placed to answer that but feel the conversation is definitely worth having. The Australian Earth Laws Alliance has some great food-for-thought in this space.
  4. Can I have a worked example please?
    • The over-the-fence experiments carried out by Peter Byck in his recent ‘Roots So Deep’ documentary series are great for helping anyone still a bit confused by the whole Natural Capital space. Not that this is a long-form advert for this way of accounting, more that it helps really bring to life all the different tools and processes involved in building value back into a natural system. Whether people watch this and then jump into the Natural Capital market or run completely in the opposite direction is irrelevant. Just seeing how all the things these accountants want to measure come together in a way that tells a compelling story of life, beauty and sustainability is inspiring.

Final Reflections

Natural Capital Accounting does feels like a significant step in the right direction given the game-of-life we are playing. Sure it’s casting a net around nature and yes, that means some things will be missed but that doesn’t mean it’s catch won’t have value. This will be the first time we have a system of accounting that has the capacity to consider factors such as soil carbon & microbiology, water cycling, biodiversity, ecosystem chemistry, biomass, water quality and salinity, not only ‘at-all’ but ‘in-one-place’ which could both create a way of valuing land that’s more elegant and representative of its true form.

In the context of the game we are playing (western world capitalism) I feel accounting for nature is a significant step in a positive direction.

I feel it’s still worth holding in mind that Natural Capital Accounting is something, but not everything. It’s a tool that helps us find a solution for a practical, objective problem that exists within our status quo. In the words of Simon and Garfunkle, I see Natural Capital Accounting as a bridge over troubled waters.

The views expressed in this blog post are personal rather than representative of Mid Lachlan Landcare.

Salinity Mapping in the Mid Lachlan Landcare Region

Mid Lachlan are part of a Landcare team that’s working to build an accessible water quality data set.

When salinity levels rise, environmental health and land productivity declines.

We want to continue to build a collective understanding of where the salts in our landscape are coming from in order to have the greatest chance of keeping salinity levels across our region under control.

Mid Lachlan Landcare have been monitoring, measuring and mapping salinity in our waterways since 2022 using a test method that’s fast, cost-effective, flexible and non-invasive.

The data we collect is interpreted by our salinity experts who create a picture of what’s typical for an individual site or water course, and what causes salinity in a particular location to change over time. These insights can then go on to inform management decisions in a way that maximises return on investment.

Waugoola Creek is one waterway that we sample as it makes its way down through the landscape. As there’s more than one way for salts to enter a waterway, variance in salinity is not at all uncommon.

As part of this project, we will be hosting an event to share the data we’ve collected and what we’ve learned with our community members. We will also be elebrating successful salt farmers in our region.

Our event will be held in the Cowra area during quarter 3 of 2025 and will be publicised through our social media, website and newsletter so watch this space…

Book Notes: For the Love of Soil by Nicole Masters

I’d heard of Nicole Masters within weeks of starting work with Mid Lachlan Landcare but it took me a little over a year to fully grasp the impact she’s made on our Landcare community. For the Love of Soil is a truly marvelous book, filled with case study notes, personal anecdotes, digestive metaphores and practical hints and tips as to how best to learn about and fall in love with the soil you live on and manage. I literally couldn’t put the book down, or rather I could only put it down to grab a spade in order to go get a closer look at what she was talking about!

While this book did contain a fair bit of science-chatter, it wasn’t heavy going which I both loved (made reading the book easy) and found intriguing – I wanted to find out more! Indeed, the book inspired me to do some further reading and note-taking which then got transformed into the little summary presentation below.

After saying that Nicole did a great job of keeping the book fast-paced, relatable and whole-minded, I”m a chemist and couldn’t help but take a slightly deviation down a chemically-rich rabbit hole. In doing that I realised just how my life has come full-circle.

I took up this job with Landcare as part of a much-needed lifestyle-shift after years of hustling in the corporate work as a consultant csmetic chemist. While writing notes on the polysaccharides in biological soil crusts (soil skin), I realised this was the same chemistry (and same chemicals) that I researched and taught about as a cosmetic chemist – how our skin regulates moisture, the difference between hydration and moisturisation, the immune boosting, soothing and anti-ageing role polysaccharides play in healthy skin.

To summarise, Nicole’s book is a must-read for anyone wanting to deepen their understanding of both themselves and this little patch of the universe we call home.

From skin to soil and soil to skin…

Welcoming in 2025 with a Kayak & Chat at Wyangala Dam

On Wednesday morning eight of our Mid Lachlan Landcare members met at Wyangala Dam for our first event of the 2025 season. We opted for an on-water catch up for a number of reasons, not least being that January can be an extremely hot and bothersome month filled with unrelenting mozzies and those ‘there’s always something’ jobs such as weed spraying and fence repairs (especially as it’s also storm season). Yes, a holiday-at-home was just what we all needed and luckily for us, Wyangala is right on our doorstep in all its glory!

Wyangala Dam, or Wyangala Waters as it’s also known, sits at the merge point (confluence) of the Lachlan (Kalari/ Galari) and Abercrombie rivers. Abercrombie is a tributary of the Lachlan, along with the Belubula which also runs through our district. All up the Wyangala Dam holds 1,217 gigalitres of their water in a lake whose diameter spans some 54Km – and no, we didn’t even attempt to kayak it all this time!

Underpinning our decision to meet here was the fact that since 2022 our Landcare group, on behalf of the Department of Department of Climate Change Energy Environment and Water, has been conducting snapshot salinity water testing along tributaries that flow into the Lachlan & Belubula Rivers. Our ongoing salinity project covers over fifty sites spread across a 700km loop, centred around Cowra and while Wyangala dam is not one of our regular testing sites, it made for a good symbolic starting point for kicking off this year’s testing.

David Wrenford heads up our Salinity testing and brought his testing device along so we could see the process in action, chat about the results and discuss how we’re using the data we collect. Water Salinity (it’s mineral content) is measured as electrical conductivity (EC) which is established by dipping a probe into the water. This quick and non-invasive test produces data that when viewed naratively -taking into account recent weather events, the lie of the land and its ecology along with land-use and management at and around the sample site -gives us a picture of where salts are coming from and what, if any action could be taken to mediate any negative impacts that may arise as a consequence.

Testing the waters

On the day of our visit, Wyangala was sitting at around 320 EC compared to a norm of around 700-800 around the centre of Cowra. While there is some additional chemistry involved in working out what constitutes enough vs too much, the upper limit for drinking water is 700EC and 1500EC for ecological decline.

Time for a PaddleSetting off from the Triple Box Area

The weather was hot and slightly windy so we opted to go against the breeze on the way out so our return journey would be a little easier on the muscles. We also stayed close to the shore line and kept an eye out for reptiles and birds out on the rocks or in the trees. Wyangala is in granite country and features many boldered areas with rocky outcrops in between gum, kurrajong and she-oak trees. While it’s clear there’s some erosion and degradation of the Box Gum Grassy Woodland naturally present, it’s still a beautiful place to be and a one that attracts a diverse array of bird life, some of which we encountered on our paddle.

Our half-way point was chosen for its fish habitat potential – a spot comprising of a small, shallow sandy bay flanked by deeper pond-like areas which were embelished with aquatic plants all feathery and trailing. We parked up and dived in for a swim, most of us tackling this fully clothed in an attempt to avoid the worst of the mid-day sun.

With floating over it was time to head back for some home-baked muffins, apple cake and wattle-seed cookies which we ate under the shade of the She-oak tree. We were joined in our chatter by fairy wrens, a brown tree-creeper and a rufous fantail, all of which seemed completely non-plussed by our intrusion into their little world. What better way to end a Landcare adventure!

With our cups filling and re-filling and our minds whirring, we took it all in, each of us feeling so lucky and priviledged to be living a life where we can not only stop and ‘smell the roses’ but that we can also plant them together.

Here’s to another year of working together in Landcare.

Amanda

Note: We are planning to hold a community event to discuss the data collected during our salinity testing work later this year. We will also be explaining more about how this data can be used to inform your Land caring work be that on farm, in your backyard, community group or conservation project. If you want to know more right now, do contact us and we’ll happily bring you up to speed sooner!

LLS Podcast: Key Indicators to look for if salt is an issue on your farm with Andrew Wooldridge

Mid-Lachlan Landcare, on behalf of the Department of Department of Climate Change Energy Environment and Water, is conducting snapshot salinity water testing along tributaries that flow into the Lachlan & Belubula Rivers. Our lead for that project, Andrew Wooldridge spoke on this topic to Jasmine Wells on the Seeds for Success podcast by Central West Local Land Services.

To find out more about salinity indicators in a farming landscape and what to do about them follow this link to the podcast. The podcast runs for around 33 minutes and is fully transcribed for those who prefer to read rather than listen.

Mid Lachlan Landcare’s salinity project covers many (currently 50 plus) sites spread over a 700km loop, centred around Cowra. Testing has been conducted regularly since June 2022 and we are building up a data set that reflects the variation in salinity across our local streams over time.

The testing that’s done in this project builds on data collected by agencies in past and compliments full time monitoring stations.

Project Purpose.

The more we understand our local ecosystems, the better equipt we can be to respond to changes.

  • Helping us understand extreme events.
  • Gaining a better understanding of our landscapes chemical variability.
  • Better understanding what is the salt doing to our creeks and ecosystem.
  • To continue to build understanding of where the salt is coming from – which part of the landscape is generating salt.

David Wrenford is our man-on-the-ground for this project, carrying out the regular salinity testing around the catchment and collaiting our data.

Get Involved

This project is aimed at supporting natural resource managers, farmers, conservationists and salinity managers. We welcome interested parties to get in touch with us:

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Salinity Resources

Here’s a link to the website ‘ESpade‘ which is mentioned during the chat. This NSW Government website is free to access and contains a wealth of information including soil hydrology, underlying geology and chemistry.

Looking for information on salinity indicator plants? You can download a PDF that covers the basics for NSW here.

Mid Lachlan Landcare is also able to offer field trips for students and community groups interested in learning more about salinity in their landscape. Contact our office for more information.

Event: What’s going to float your boat in 2025? Kayaking at Wyangala Dam

As a community organisation we’re always interested in what floats your boat and as such, we thought we’d start 2025 with a relaxing Kayak, catch up and plant I.D morning at the beautiful Wyangala Dam just outside of Cowra.

We look forward to spending a relaxing morning in nature brainstorming our 2025 Landcaring plans.

Follow this link for booking information.

Fees: There is a ‘per vehicle’ charge to enter the park that can be paid on the day or online ahead of time: Wyangala Dam Day Pass. We will try and car share where possible to keep the event affordable.